/* Problem URL: https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/2070/D */

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>

using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds;

template <class T, class comp = less<>>
using ordered_set = tree<T, null_type , comp , rb_tree_tag , tree_order_statistics_node_update>;

#define V vector

#define rmin(a, b) a = min(a, b)
#define rmax(a, b) a = max(a, b)

#define rep(i, lim) for (int i = 0; i < (lim); i++)
#define nrep(i, s, lim) for (int i = s; i < (lim); i++)

#define repv(i, v) for (auto &i : (v))
#define fillv(v) for (auto &itr_ : (v)) { cin >> itr_; }
#define sortv(v) sort(v.begin(), v.end())
#define all(v) (v).begin(), (v).end()

using vi = vector<int>;
using vvi = vector<vi>;
using vvvi = vector<vvi>;
using vvvvi = vector<vvvi>;

using ll = long long;

using vl = vector<ll>;
using vvl = vector<vl>;
using vvvl = vector<vvl>;
using vvvvl = vector<vvvl>;

template<class v>
auto operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<v> &vec)->ostream& {
    os << vec[0];
    for (size_t i = 1; i < vec.size(); i++) {
        os << ' ' << vec[i];
    }
    os << '\n';
    return os;
}

template<class v>
auto operator>>(istream &is, vector<v> &vec)->istream& {
    for (auto &i : vec) {
        is >> i;
    }
    return is;
}

template<class v>
auto operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<vector<v>> &vec)->ostream& {
    for (auto &i : vec) {
        os << i[0];
        for (size_t j = 1; j < i.size(); j++) {
            os << ' ' << i[j];
        }
        os << '\n';
    }
    return os;
}

template<class v>
auto operator>>(istream  &is, vector<vector<v>> &vec)->istream& {
    for (auto &i : vec) {
        for (auto &j : i) {
            is >> j;
        }
    }
    return is;
}

const int oo = INT32_MAX >> 1;
const ll OO = INT64_MAX >> 1;


void pre()
{

}

#define TEST 1

void solve()
{
    int n;
    cin >> n;

    vvi graph(n);
    nrep(i, 1, n) {
        int p;
        cin >> p;
        graph[p - 1].push_back(i);
    }

    vvi dep;

    function<void(int, int)> calc = [&](int i, int d) {
        if (d >= dep.size()) {
            dep.emplace_back();
        }
        dep[d].push_back(i);

        repv(j, graph[i]) {
            calc(j, d + 1);
        }
    };

    calc(0, 0);

    ll mod = 998244353;
    vl dp(n, 1);
    vl depans(dep.size());
    depans.back() = dep.back().size();

    for (int i = dep.size() - 2; i > 0; i--) {
        repv(j, dep[i]) {
            ll sum = 0;
            repv(k, graph[j]) {
                sum += dp[k];
                sum %= mod;
            }

            dp[j] = ((depans[i + 1] - sum + 1) % mod + mod) % mod;
            depans[i] = (depans[i] + dp[j]) % mod;
        }
    }

    cout << (depans[1] + 1) % mod << '\n';
}

int main()
{
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(nullptr);

    pre();

    int t;
    (TEST && cin >> t) || (t = 1);
    while (t--) {
        solve();
    }
}